Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuloba

A. Yahlulwe ngokusebenza kwendawo yamanzi (indawo yolwandle)

1. Ukuloba kwindawo enkulu kumanzi angaphakathi elizweni (imilambo, amachibi kunye namadama)

Ukuloba emanzini angaphakathi kubhekiselele kwimisebenzi emikhulu yokuloba phezu komhlaba emilanjeni, kumachibi kunye namadama. Ngenxa yobubanzi bamanzi, ubunzulu bamanzi bunzulu ngokubanzi. Umzekelo, uMlambo iYangtze, uMlambo iPearl, iHeilongjiang, iTaihu Lake, iLake Dongting, iLake Poyang, iQinghai Lake, kunye namadama amakhulu (umthamo wokugcina 10 × Ngaphezu kwe-107m3), indawo yokugcina amanzi ephakathi (umthamo wokugcina 1.00) × 107 ~ 107 ~ 10 × 107m3), njl. njl. Uninzi lwala manzi ngamaqela endalo eentlanzi okanye ezinye izilwanyana zasemanzini ezoqoqosho ezityebileyo kwimithombo yokuloba. Ngenxa yokuba iimeko zangaphandle zokusingqongileyo zala manzi zahlukile, kwaye ubutyebi bokuloba bohlukene, izixhobo zabo zokuloba kunye neendlela zokuloba nazo zahlukile. Izixhobo ezixhaphakileyo zokuloba ziquka igill net, trawl kunye ne-ground dragnet, ingakumbi kumadama amakhulu naphakathi. Ngenxa yobunzima bomhlaba kunye nobume bomhlaba, abanye banobunzulu bamanzi obungaphezulu kwe-100m, kwaye abanye basebenzisa indlela yokuloba edibeneyo yokuthintela, ukuqhuba, ukuhlatywa kunye nokuzolula, kunye nomsesane omkhulu we-Seine net, i-trawl edadayo kunye nomaleko wamanzi oguquguqukayo. trawl. Ebusika e-Inner Mongolia, eHeilongjiang nakweminye imimandla, kukwaluncedo ukutsala iminatha phantsi komkhenkce. Ngoku abanye abalobi baqalisile ukusebenzisaIzibane ze-2000w zentsimbi zokuloba i-halideechibini ukubamba iintlanzana ebusuku

B. Ukuloba elunxwemeni

Ukuloba elunxwemeni, okwakwaziwa njengokuloba kumanzi onxweme, kubhekiselele ekulobeni izilwanyana zasemanzini ukusuka kwindawo ephakathi kwamaza ukuya kumanzi angekho nzulu anobunzulu bamanzi obungama-40m. Lo mmandla wolwandle awungomhlaba wokuzala kunye nokutyeba kuphela kwiintlanzi eziphambili ezahlukeneyo zezoqoqosho, i-shrimp kunye noononkala, kodwa ikwayindawo enkulu ephakathi kwamaza. Indawo yokuloba engaselunxwemeni ibisoloko iyeyona ndawo iphambili yokuloba eTshayina. Ibe negalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lwemveliso yaseTshayina yokuloba elwandle. Kwangaxeshanye, ikwangowona mhlaba wokuloba unzima ukuwulawula. Ezona zixhobo zayo zokuloba zibandakanya igill net, purse seine net, trawl, net ground, open net, net reading, cover, trap, tackle, rakeveni, imbiza yekheji, njl njl. phantse zonke izixhobo zokuloba kunye neendlela zokusebenza zinazo. Ngaphambili, ekuvelisweni kwamaxesha amakhulu okuloba eTshayina, inani elikhulu leemveliso zasemanzini zaselwandle zaveliswa kulo mmandla wamanzi, ngakumbi ushishino lokuloba ngomnatha ovulekileyo, ushishino lokuloba ngeembiza zekheji kunye nokuloba itrap ngaselunxwemeni nakwi-offshore, kunye nenani elikhulu. yeentlanzi zezoqoqosho, i-shrimp kunye nemibungu yazo yabanjwa kumanzi angekho nzulu; Iitrawls ezincinci neziphakathi ezisezantsi, iiframe trawls, truss trawls, bottom gill networks kunye nezinye izixhobo zokuloba ukubambisa amaqela eentlanzi ezisezantsi kunye neshrimps kwindawo yolwandle; I-Raking meva ibamba i-shellfish kunye neenkumba kwindawo yolwandle, kwaye izuze isivuno esiphezulu. Ngenxa yotyalo-mali olukhulu lwemikhumbi yokuloba kunye nezixhobo zokuloba, ubukhulu bokuloba bukhulu kakhulu kwaye nolawulo nokhuseleko alwanelanga, okukhokelela ekulobeni ngokugqithisileyo kwemithombo yokuloba engaselunxwemeni nangaphandle konxweme, ngakumbi izibonelelo zokuloba ezisezantsi, okubangela ukuhla kwangoku koshishino lokuloba. izixhobo. Indlela yokuhlenga-hlengisa ubuninzi bemisebenzi yokuloba eyahluka-hlukeneyo, ukomeleza amanyathelo olondolozo lwemithombo yokuloba nokulungelelanisa ubume bokuloba iya kuba ngumsebenzi ophambili wendawo yamanzi.

C. Ukuloba kude nonxweme

Ukuloba elunxwemeni kubhekiselele kumsebenzi wokuloba kumanzi aphakathi koluhlu lwebhathymetric oluyi-40 ~ 100m. Lo mmandla wamanzi uyindawo yokufuduka, ukondla kunye nokuchitha ubusika kwiintlanzi eziphambili zezoqoqosho kunye ne-shrimp, kwaye ucebile kwimithombo yokuloba. Ezona ndlela zokuloba zii-bottom trawl, i-Purse Seine eyenziwe lula, i-drift gill net, ukuloba ngeentambo ezinde, njl.njl. Ngenxa yokuba ikude kakhulu nonxweme, ukuxinana kobutyebi bokuloba kusezantsi kunoko ngaselwandle. Kwangaxeshanye, imisebenzi yokuloba ineemfuno eziphezulu kwiinqanawa zokuloba kunye nezixhobo zokuloba. Ke ngoko, kukho iinqanawa zokuloba ezimbalwa kunye nezixhobo zokuloba ezibandakanyekayo kushishino lokuloba kunezo ezigudle ulwandle. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuncipha kobutyebi bokuloba kumanzi onxweme, amandla okuloba agxininiswe kulo mmandla wolwandle kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ngokunjalo, ngenxa yobukhulu obugqithisileyo bokuloba, ubutyebi bokuloba kwindawo yolwandle nabo behlile. Ngoko ke, ayinakungahoywa ukuqhubela phambili ukulungelelanisa imisebenzi yokuloba, ukulawula ngokungqongqo kunye nokomeleza amanyathelo olondolozo kummandla wolwandle ukuze luzinze. Ngoko ke, inani leentlanziizibane zokuloba ebusukuefakwe kwimikhumbi yokuloba ekude nonxweme ilinganiselwe malunga ne-120.

D. Ukuloba kude nonxweme

Ukuloba kwi-Offshore kubhekiselele kwimisebenzi yemveliso yokuloba izilwanyana zasemanzini kwindawo enzulu yolwandle enobunzulu be-100m isobath, njengokuloba kumanzi asuka kuLwandle lwase-East China kunye noLwandle lwase-China lwaseMzantsi. IMackerel, i-SCAD, iginseng kunye nezinye iintlanzi zepelagic kulwandle olukude noLwandle lwaseTshayina lwaseMpuma, kunye neentlanzi ezisezantsi ezifana ne-stonehead fish, cephalopods, shorttailed bigeye snapper, intlanzi enentloko enesikwere, iParalichthys olivaceus kunye nomhlolo zisengaphuhliswa. Ubutyebi bokuloba ngaphandle koLwandle lwase China lutyebile ngokwentelekiso, kwaye ezona ntlanzi ziphambili zepelagic yi mackerel, xiulei, Zhuying fish, Indian double fin Shao, high body if SCAD, etc; Ezona ntlanzi zisezantsi yi-yellow snapper, flank soft fish, goldfish, bigeye snapper, njl.njl. Intlanzi yaseOceanic iquka ityhuna, ibonito, i-swordfish, i-marlin eluhlaza (eyaziwa njenge-black skin swordfish kunye ne-marlin emnyama). Ukongeza, ookrebe, iipetali, iintlanzi ezihlala elunxwemeni, iicephalopods kunye neecrustaceans zingaphuhliswa ngakumbi kwaye zisetyenziswe. Ezona ndlela ziphambili zokusebenza ziquka i-bottom trawl, i-gill net, i-dragline fishing, njl.njl. Ngenxa yokuba amanzi asuka kude nonxweme lolwandle, iimfuno zemikhumbi yokuloba, izixhobo zokuloba kunye nezixhobo ziphezulu, ixabiso lokuloba likhulu, kunye nesiphumo kunye nemveliso. ixabiso lemveliso alikho likhulu kakhulu. Ngoko ke, ithintela ngokuthe ngqo uphuhliso loshishino lokuloba. Nangona kunjalo, xa siqwalasela iimfuno zexesha elide zokukhusela amalungelo kunye nomdla waselwandle waseTshayina, kufuneka siphuhlise ukuloba kumanzi angaphandle kolwandle, sisebenzise ngokupheleleyo ubutyebi bokuloba elwandle, sinciphise uxinzelelo kubutyebi bokuloba kumanzi aselunxwemeni nakude nonxweme, kwaye sinike inkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokuxhasa ushishino lokuloba. ukukhuthaza ukwanda kokuloba kude nonxweme.

F. Ukuloba kwePelagic

Ukuloba kude, okwakwaziwa ngokuba yi pelagic fishing, kubhekiselele kwimisebenzi yemveliso yokuqokelela nokubambisa izilwanyana zasemanzini zoqoqosho kulwandle olukude nelizwe lase China okanye emanzini aphantsi kolawulo lwamanye amazwe. Kukho iingqiqo ezimbini zokuloba i-pelagic: okokuqala, imisebenzi yokuloba kumanzi e-pelagic 200 N miles kude nelizwe laseChina, kubandakanywa imisebenzi yokuloba elwandle olunzulu kunye nolwandle oluphezulu kunye nobunzulu bamanzi angaphezu kwama-200m; Enye kukuloba kumanzi aselunxwemeni nakunxweme lwamanye amazwe okanye imimandla ekude nelizwe labo, okanye ukuloba kunxweme lolwandle. Njengoko ukuloba kwe-transoceanic pelagic kuqhutywa kumanzi aselunxwemeni nakunxweme lwamanye amazwe nakwimimandla, ukongeza ekutyikityeni izivumelwano zokuloba kunye nabo kunye nokuhlawula irhafu yokuloba okanye imirhumo yokusetyenziswa kobutyebi, iinqanawa ezincinci zokuloba kunye nezixhobo zokuloba kunye nezixhobo zingasetyenziselwa imisebenzi yokuloba. . Eyona misebenzi yokuloba iquka i-single bottom trawl, idouble bottom trawl, ukuloba ityhuna ngentambo ende, ukuloba isikwidi esibangelwa ukukhanya, njl.njl Imisebenzi yokuloba eMzantsi Asia kunye nezinye iindawo zolwandle ezifanelekileyo zonke ziloba olwandle. Zombini ukuloba elwandle kunye nokuloba enzulu-lwazini kufuna iinqanawa zokuloba ezinezixhobo ezifanelekileyo kunye nezixhobo zokuloba ezihambelanayo ezinokumelana nemimoya ebhudla ngamandla namaza kunye nokuhamba umgama omde. Ubuncwane bokuloba kule mimandla yolwandle buyohluka ngokweendawo, kwaye izixhobo zokuloba ezisetyenziswayo nazo zahlukile; Iindlela zokuloba ngokubanzi zibandakanya ukuloba ityhuna ngentambo ende, ukuloba kwizinga elikhulu eliphakathi kunye ne-bottom trawl, ityhuna purse seine, ukuloba isikwidi esilula, njalo njalo. kunye nokuloba iskwidi okubangelwa ukukhanya kokokubambisa ipelagic yangaphambili. Ngokujonga imeko yangoku kunye nentsingiselo yophuhliso lwePelagic Fisheries yaseChina, imigaqo-nkqubo exhasayo kufuneka yamkelwe kwiPelagic Fisheries kwixa elizayo.

G. Ukuloba kwincam

Ukuloba ngencam yomhlaba, okwakwaziwa njengokuloba kwincam yomhlaba, kubhekiselele kwimisebenzi yemveliso yokuqokelela nokubambisa izilwanyana zasemanzini kuqoqosho lwase-Antarctic okanye kumanzi aseArctic. Okwangoku, ekuphela kweentlobo ezixhatshaziweyo nezisetyenziswayo kubutyebi bokuloba eAntarctic yiAntarctic krill (Euphausia superba), Antarctic cod (Notothenia coriicepas) kunye nesilivere (pleurogramma antarcticum) Ukubanjiswa kweAntarctic krill yeyona inkulu. Okwangoku, ukuloba China kunye nophuhliso krill Antarctic kusekho kwinqanaba lokuqala, kunye umthamo lokuloba 10000-30000 iitoni kunye nendawo yokusebenza malunga 60 ° s emanzini ajikeleze Malvinas Islands (Falkland Islands). Amandla esikhephe sokuloba iikilowatts ezininzi, kunye nezixhobo zokusebenza; Imo yokusebenza iphakathi kwinqanaba elinye tsala; Ulwakhiwo Antarctic krill trawl umnatha ikakhulu 4-piece okanye 6-Piece isakhiwo. Owona mahluko mkhulu ukusuka kumnatha wetrawl ophakathi kwinqanaba lemveli kukuba ubukhulu bemesh yengxowa yomnatha kunye nomnatha wentloko yengxowa kufuneka ube mncinci ukunqanda ikrill ekubalekeni kumnatha. Ubuncinci besayizi yomnatha yi-20mm, kwaye ubude bomnatha ngokubanzi bungaphezulu kwe-100m. Xa usebenza kumanzi angekho nzulu ngaphantsi kwe-200m, isantya esiwayo somnatha yi-0.3m/s, kwaye isantya sokuloba yi (2.5 ± 0.5) kn.

H. Ukuloba ngokuzonwabisa

Ukuloba ngokuzonwabisa, okwakwaziwa njengefishari zokuzonwabisa, okwakwaziwa “njengezokuloba zokuzonwabisa”, kubhekisa kulo naluphi na uhlobo lwemisebenzi yokuloba ngenjongo yokuzonwabisa, ukuzonwabisa kunye nemidlalo yasemanzini. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kukuloba ngeentonga kunye nokuloba ngesandla. Ezinye iintlanzi elunxwemeni, kwaye ezinye ziloba kwizikhephe ezikhethekileyo. Olu hlobo lomthamo wokuloba luncinci, oluqhutyelwa ngokubanzi ngaselunxwemeni, amachibi okanye amadama, kodwa kukho ukuqubha kunye nokuloba kulwandle olukude. Emva kokuhlangabezana neemfuno ezisisiseko zobomi bemihla ngemihla njengempahla, ukutya, indawo yokuhlala nezinto zokuhamba, abantu badla ngokusukela izinto eziphathekayo nolonwabo lokomoya olukumgangatho ophezulu. EUnited States, ukuloba kuye kwaba lishishini eliphambili yaye kunendima ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwelizwe nakubomi babantu. Ukuloba kuyaphuhla kwezinye iindawo eTshayina.

2. Ngezixhobo zokuloba kunye nendlela yokuloba esetyenziswayo

Ngokwezixhobo zokuloba kunye neendlela zokuloba ezisetyenziswayo, kukho ukuloba ngeegill net, purse seine fishing, trawl fishing, ground net fishing, open net laying, net copying, covering net, covering net, ukuloba ngokubeka, ukuloba ngeefoyile, ukuloba ngentambo ende, ukuloba ekhejini, ukuloba okulula, njl njl. Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuloba neentsingiselo zalo ziya kuchazwa kwizahluko ezifanelekileyo zale ncwadi.

3. Ngokwenani leenqanawa zokuloba ezisetyenzisiweyo, izinto zokuloba kunye neempawu zokusebenza

Ngokwenani leenqanawa zokuloba ezisetyenzisiweyo, izinto zokuloba kunye neempawu zokusebenza, kukho i-single boat trawl, i-double boat trawl, i-floating trawl, i-bottom trawl, i-middle trawl kunye ne-variable water layer trawl. Ukufakwa kwe-1000w yesinyithi i-halide yokuloba ukukhanya isikhephe esisodwa Ukuloba i-Seine, ukufakwa kweI-4000w isibane sokuloba i-metal halideukuloba ngeenqanawa ezininzi ze-Seine, ukufakwa ukukhanya kwe-Seine (ukufakwa kwesibane sokuloba se-LED); Ukuloba ngeentambo ezinde (ukusebenzisa izibane zokuloba iinqanawa kunyeizibane zokuloba eziluhlaza phantsi kwamanzi), njl.

Eli nqaku licatshulwe kwithiyori ngokubanzi yezixhobo zokuloba kuLwandle oluMthubi kunye nommandla woLwandle lwaseBohai.