A. E arotsoe ka sebaka sa ts'ebetso ea metsi (sebaka sa leoatle)
1. Ho tšoasa litlhapi tse kholo holim'a metsi metsing a ka hare ho naha (linōka, matša le matamo)
Ho tšoasa litlhapi ka har'a naha ho bolela ts'ebetso e kholo ea ho ts'oasa lihlapi holim'a metsi linokeng, matšeng le matamong. Ka lebaka la sebaka se sephara sa metsi, botebo ba metsi hangata bo tebile. Ka mohlala, noka ea Yangtze, Pearl River, Heilongjiang, Taihu Lake, Dongting Lake, Poyang Lake, Qinghai Lake, le matamo a maholo (bokhoni ba ho boloka 10 × Ho feta 107m3), letamo le boholo bo bohareng (bokhoni ba polokelo 1.00) × 107~ 10 × 107m3), joalo-joalo Bongata ba metsi ana ke lihlopha tsa tlhaho tsa litlhapi kapa liphoofolo tse ling tsa moruo tse phelang metsing, tse ruileng ka mehloli ea litlhapi. Hobane maemo a kantle a tikoloho ea metsi ana a fapane, 'me mehloli ea ho tšoasa litlhapi e fapane, lisebelisoa tsa bona tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi le mekhoa ea ho tšoasa le eona e fapane. Lisebelisoa tse sebelisoang hangata li kenyelletsa letlooa la gill, trawl le letlooa la fatše, haholoholo bakeng sa matamo a maholo le a mahareng. Ka lebaka la sebaka se rarahaneng le sebopeho sa naha, tse ling li na le botebo ba metsi ho feta 100m, 'me tse ling li sebelisa mokhoa o kopaneng oa ho tšoasa litlhapi oa ho thibela, ho khanna, ho hlaba le ho otlolla, hammoho le lesale le leholo la seine net, trawl e phaphametseng le lera le feto-fetohang la metsi. trawl. Mariha naheng ea Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang le libakeng tse ling, ho boetse ho thusa ho hula matlooa tlas'a leqhoa. Joale batšoasi ba litlhapi ba se ba qalile ho sebelisa2000w mabone a ho tšoasa litlhapi a halide a tšepeletšeng ho tšoasa sardine bosiu
B. Ho tšoasa litlhapi lebōpong la leoatle
Ho tšoasa litlhapi lebōpong la leoatle, ho tsejoang hape e le ho tšoasa litlhapi metsing a lebōpong la leoatle, ho bolela ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa liphoofolo tsa metsing ho tloha sebakeng se pakeng tsa metsi ho ea metsing a sa tebang ka botebo ba metsi a 40m. Sebaka sena sa leoatle ha se feela sebaka sa ho tsoala le ho nona ha litlhapi tse fapaneng tse kholo tsa moruo, li-shrimp le makhala, empa hape ke sebaka se seholo sa maqhubu a leoatle. Sebaka sa ho tšoasa litlhapi se lebopong e 'nile ea e-ba sebaka se seholo sa ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa leoatleng la Chaena. E entse tlatsetso e kholo nts'etsopele ea tlhahiso ea litlhapi tsa leoatleng tsa China. Ka nako e ts'oanang, hape ke sebaka se thata ka ho fetisisa sa ho tšoasa litlhapi ho se laola. Lisebelisoa tsa eona tsa mantlha tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi li kenyelletsa letlooa la gill, purse seine net, trawl, letlooa le butsoeng, letlooa le bulehileng, ho beha letlooa, ho bala letlooa, sekoahelo, leraba, leraba la ho tšoasa litlhapi, moutloa, pitsa ea lesaka, joalo-joalo. Nakong e fetileng, tlhahisong ea linako tse kholo tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi Chaena, palo e kholo ea lihlahisoa tsa metsing tsa leoatleng li ne li hlahisoa sebakeng sena sa metsi, haholo-holo sebaka sa ho tšoasa litlhapi tse bulehileng ka marang-rang, ho tšoasa litlhapi ka lipitsa tsa cage le ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa maraba lebōpong la leoatle le lebōpong la leoatle, le palo e kholo. litlhapi tsa moruo, li-shrimp le li-larvae tsa tsona li ile tsa tšoaroa metsing a sa tebang; Litlhapi tse nyane le tse mahareng tse tlase, li-frame trawls, trawls, matlooa a tlase le lisebelisoa tse ling tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi ho tšoasa lihlopha tsa litlhapi tse tlase le li-shrimp sebakeng sa leoatle; Raking meutloa tšoasa likhofu le likhofu sebakeng sa leoatle, 'me ba fumane chai e ngata. Ka lebaka la matsete a mangata a likepe tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi le lisebelisoa tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi, matla a ho tšoasa litlhapi a maholo haholo 'me tsamaiso le ts'ireletso ha ea lekana, e leng se etsang hore ho be le ts'ebetso ea ho tšoasa litlhapi tse lebōpong la leoatle le lebōpong la leoatle, haholo-holo mehloli e ka tlaase ea ho tšoasa litlhapi, e leng ho baka phokotso ea hona joale ea ho tšoasa litlhapi. lisebelisoa. Mokhoa oa ho lokisa bongata ba mesebetsi e fapaneng ea ho tšoasa litlhapi, ho matlafatsa mehato ea paballo ea mehloli ea litlhapi le ho lokisa sebopeho sa ho tšoasa litlhapi e tla ba mosebetsi oa mantlha oa sebaka sa metsi.
C. Ho tšoasa litlhapi lebōpong la leoatle
Ho tšoasa litlhapi ka har'a lebopo ho bolela ts'ebetso ea ho ts'oasa lihlapi metsing ka har'a sebaka sa bathymetric sa 40 ~ 100m. Sebaka sena sa metsi ke sebaka sa ho falla, ho fepa le ho boloka mariha litlhapi tse kholo tsa moruo le li-shrimp, hape ho na le lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi. Mekhoa e meholo ea ho tšoasa litlhapi ke "low trawl", "light induced Purse Seine", "drift gill net", "longline fishing" joalo-joalo. Kaha e batla e le hole haholo le lebopo, boima ba mehloli ea litlhapi bo tlase ho feta bo haufi le leoatle. Ka nako e tšoanang, mesebetsi ea ho tšoasa litlhapi e na le litlhoko tse phahameng bakeng sa likepe tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi le lisebelisoa tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi. Ka hona, ho na le likepe tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi le lisebelisoa tse fokolang tse sebetsang mesebetsing ea ho tšoasa ho feta tse haufi le leoatle. Leha ho le joalo, ka ho fokotseha ha mehloli ea litlhapi metsing a lebōpong la leoatle, matla a ho tšoasa a 'nile a lebisoa sebakeng sena sa leoatle lilemong tsa morao tjena. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ka lebaka la matla a mangata a ho tšoasa litlhapi, mehloli ea litlhapi sebakeng sa leoatle le eona e fokotsehile. Ka hona, e ke ke ea hlokomolohuoa ho tsoela pele ho lokisa ts'ebetso ea ho tšoasa litlhapi, ho laola le ho matlafatsa mehato ea paballo sebakeng sa leoatle ho etsa hore e tšoarelle.Ka hona, palo eamabone a ho tšoasa litlhapi bosiue kentsoeng likepeng tsa ho ts'oasa lihlapi tsa kantle ho naha e lekantsoe hoo e ka bang 120.
D. Ho tšoasa litlhapi lebōpong la leoatle
Ho tšoasa litlhapi ka ntle ho maoatle ho bolela mesebetsi ea tlhahiso ea ho tšoasa liphoofolo tsa metsing sebakeng se tebileng sa leoatle le botebo ba 100m isobath, joalo ka ho tšoasa litlhapi metsing a Leoatle la China Bochabela le Leoatle la China Boroa. Mackerel, SCAD, ginseng le litlhapi tse ling tsa pelagic leoatleng le haufi le Leoatle la China Bochabela, le litlhapi tse tlase tse kang stonehead fish, cephalopods, short tailed bigeye snapper, square headed fish, Paralichthys olivaceus le widower li ntse li ka ntlafatsoa. Lisebelisoa tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi ka ntle ho South China Sea li batla li ruile, 'me litlhapi tse ka sehloohong tsa pelagic ke mackerel, xiulei, Zhuying fish, Indian double fin Shao, high body if SCAD, joalo-joalo; Litlhapi tse ka sehloohong tse ka tlase ke snapper e mosehla, tlhapi e bonolo ea flank, goldfish, bigeye snapper, joalo-joalo. Litlhapi tsa leoatle li kenyelletsa tuna, bonito, swordfish, blue marlin (e tsejoang haholo e le black skin swordfish le black marlin). Ho feta moo, lishaka, mahlaku, litlhapi tsa mafika, li-cephalopod le li-crustaceans li ka ntlafatsoa le ho sebelisoa. Mekhoa e meholo ea ts'ebetso e kenyelletsa ho ts'oara litlhapi ka tlas'a trawl, gill net, dragline fishing, joalo-joalo. Kaha metsi a mose ho maoatle a le hole le lebopo la leoatle, litlhoko tsa likepe tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi, lisebelisoa tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi le lisebelisoa li holimo, theko ea ho tšoasa e kholo, 'me sephetho le boleng ba tlhahiso ha bo kholo haholo. Ka hona, e thibela ka ho toba tsoelo-pele ea indasteri ea ho tšoasa litlhapi. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho nahanoa ka lithahasello tsa nako e telele tsa ho sireletsa litokelo le lithahasello tsa maoatleng a Chaena, re lokela ho ntshetsa pele ho tšoasa litlhapi metsing a lebōpong la leoatle, ho sebelisa mehloli ea litlhapi tsa leoatle ka botlalo, ho fokotsa khatello ea mehloli ea litlhapi metsing a lebōpong la leoatle le lebōpong la leoatle, le ho fana ka tšehetso ea leano le ho khothaletsa katoloso ea ho tšoasa litlhapi kantle ho naha.
F. Ho tšoasa litlhapi Pelagic
Ho tšoasa litlhapi hole, ho tsejoang hape e le pelagic fishing, ho bolela mesebetsi ea tlhahiso ea ho bokella le ho tšoasa liphoofolo tsa moruo tsa metsing maoatleng a hole le naha ea China kapa metsing a tlas'a taolo ea linaha tse ling. Ho na le likhopolo tse peli tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa pelagic: ea pele, ts'ebetso ea ho tšoasa litlhapi metsing a pelagic 200 N lik'hilomithara ho tloha naheng ea Chaena, ho kenyeletsoa ts'ebetso ea ho tšoasa litlhapi leoatleng le tebileng le maoatle a phahameng a nang le botebo ba metsi a fetang 200m; E 'ngoe ke ho tšoasa litlhapi metsing a lebōpong la leoatle le a lebōpong la leoatle a linaha tse ling kapa libaka tse hōle le naha ea habo tsona, kapa ho tšoasa litlhapi ho pholletsa le leoatle. Ha ts'ebetso ea ho ts'oasa lihlapi ea transoceanic pelagic e etsoa metsing a lebopong le mabopong a linaha le libaka tse ling, ntle le ho saena litumellano tsa ho ts'oasa litlhapi le bona le ho lefa lekhetho la ho ts'oasa litlhapi kapa litefiso tsa ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa, likepe tse nyane tsa ho ts'oasa litlhapi le lisebelisoa tsa ho ts'oasa litlhapi le lisebelisoa li ka sebelisoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea ho ts'oasa litlhapi. . Mesebetsi ea mantlha ea ho ts'oasa litlhapi e kenyeletsa single bottom trawl, double bottom trawl, tuna longline fishing, light induced squid fishing, joalo-joalo Ts'ebetso ea ho ts'oasa lihlapi Asia Boroa le libakeng tse ling tse amehang ke tsa maoatle kaofela. Ka bobeli ho tšoasa litlhapi leoatleng le ho tšoasa litlhapi botebong ba leoatle ho hloka likepe tse hlometseng hantle tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi le lisebelisoa tsa ho tšoasa tse tsamaellanang le tsona tse ka mamellang meea e matla le maqhubu le ho tsamaea sebaka se selelele. Lisebelisoa tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi libakeng tsena tsa leoatle lia fapana ho ea ka libaka, ’me lisebelisoa tsa ho tšoasa tse sebelisoang le tsona li fapane; Mekhoa e akaretsang ea ho ts'oasa litlhapi tsa tuna e kenyelletsa litlhapi tsa tuna, li-trawl tse kholo tsa boemo bo bohareng le trawl e tlase, tuna purse seine, ho ts'oasa squid ka mokhoa o bobebe, joalo-joalo. Mohlala, sekepe se le seng sa Chaena sa Pollock sa boemo bo bohareng ba trawl ka leboea-bophirima le bohareng ba Pacific Leboea. 'me ho tšoasa li-squid tse susumetsoang ke khanya ke tsa sebaka sa khale sa ho tšoasa pelagic. Ka lebaka la maemo a hajoale le mokhoa oa nts'etsopele ea Pelagic Fisheries ea China, maano a tšehetso a lokela ho amoheloa bakeng sa Pelagic Fisheries nakong e tlang.
G. Polar ho tšoasa litlhapi
Ho ts'oasa lihlapi ka metsing, ho tsejoang hape e le ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa polar, ho bolela mesebetsi ea tlhahiso ea ho bokella le ho tšoasa liphoofolo tsa moruo tsa metsing metsing a Antarctic kapa Arctic. Hajoale, mefuta e le 'ngoe feela e sebelisoang le ho sebelisoa mehloling ea lihlapi tsa Antarctic ke Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), Antarctic cod (Notothenia coriicepas) le silver fish (pleurogramma antarcticum) Ho tšoasoa ha krill ea Antarctic ke eona e kholo ka ho fetisisa. Hajoale, ts'ebetso ea China ea ho tšoasa litlhapi le nts'etsopele ea krill ea Antarctic e ntse e le boemong bo ka sehloohong, ka palo ea ho tšoasa litlhapi ea lithane tse 10000-30000 le sebaka se sebetsang sa hoo e ka bang 60 ° s metsing a pota-potileng Lihlekehleke tsa Malvinas (Lihlekehleke tsa Falkland). Matla a sekepe sa ho tšoasa litlhapi ke li-kilowatts tse 'maloa, tse nang le lisebelisoa tsa ho sebetsa; Mokhoa oa ts'ebetso ke oa ho hula o le mong oa boemo bo bohareng; Sebopeho sa Antarctic krill trawl net haholo-holo se na le likotoana tse 4 kapa 6-Piece. Phapang e kholo ho tloha ho net ea khale ea boemo bo bohareng ba trawl ke hore boholo ba letloo la mokotla oa letlooa le letlooeng la hlooho ea mokotla li hloka ho ba nyane ho thibela krill ho baleha letlooeng. Boholo ba letlooeng ke 20mm, 'me bolelele ba letlooa hangata bo feta 100m. Ha e sebetsa metsing a sa tebang ka tlase ho 200m, lebelo le oelang la letlooa ke 0.3m/s, 'me lebelo la trawl ke (2.5 ± 0.5) kn.
H. Ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa boithabiso
Ho tšoasa litlhapi ka boithabiso, ho tsejoang hape e le libaka tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa boithabiso, tse tsejoang hape e le "ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa boithabiso", ho bolela mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa ho tšoasa litlhapi ka sepheo sa boikhathollo, boithabiso le lipapali tsa metsing. Ka kakaretso, ke ho tšoasa litlhapi ka lithupa le ho tšoasa ka letsoho. Litlhapi tse ling lebōpong la leoatle, 'me tse ling li tšoasa likepeng tse khethehileng. Mofuta ona oa ho tšoasa litlhapi o monyenyane, oo hangata o etsoang haufi le lebōpo la leoatle, matangoana kapa matamo, empa ho boetse ho na le ho sesa le ho tšoasa litlhapi leoatleng le hōle. Ka mor’a ho finyella litlhoko tsa motheo tsa bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi tse kang liaparo, lijo, bolulo le lipalangoang, hangata batho ba hahamalla lintho tse bonahalang tsa boemo bo phahameng le thabo ea moea. United States, ho tšoasa litlhapi ho fetohile indasteri e khōlō ’me ho phetha karolo ea bohlokoa moruong oa naha le bophelong ba batho. Ho tšoasa litlhapi ho ntse ho tsoela pele libakeng tse ling Chaena.
2. Ka lisebelisoa tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi le mokhoa oa ho tšoasa o sebelisoang
Ho ea ka lisebelisoa tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi le mekhoa ea ho tšoasa litlhapi, ho na le ho tšoasa litlhapi ka gill net, ho tšoasa litlhapi ka purse seine, trawl fishing, ground net fishing, open net laying, net laying fishing, net copying fishing, cover nete, ho kenya letlooa, ho aha matlooa le ho tšoasa litlhapi ka ho beha, ho tšoasa litlhapi ka foil, ho tšoasa litlhapi ka mela e telele, ho tšoasa litlhapi ka likhoka, ho tšoasa litlhapi ka mokhoa o bobebe, joalo-joalo. Mekhoa ea eona e fapaneng ea ho tšoasa litlhapi le meelelo ea eona e tla hlalosoa ka botlalo likhaolong tse amehang tsa buka ena.
3. Ho ea ka palo ea likepe tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi tse sebelisoang, lintho tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi le litšobotsi tsa ts'ebetso
Ho ea ka palo ea likepe tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi tse sebelisoang, lintho tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi le litšobotsi tsa ts'ebetso, ho na le trawl ea single boat, double boat trawl, floating trawl, bottom trawl, middle trawl le variable water layer trawl. Ho kenngoa ha 1000w metal halide fishing light seketsoana se le seng Seine ho tšoasa litlhapi, ho kenya4000w lebone la ho tšoasa litlhapi la halide la tšepeho ts'oasa litlhapi tsa seine ka likepe tse ngata, ho kenyelletsa leseli la Seine (ho kenya lebone la ho tšoasa litlhapi la LED); Ho tšoasa litlhapi ka mela e telele (ho sebelisa mabone a ho tšoasa litlhapi a likepe lemabone a ho tšoasa litlhapi a matala ka tlas'a metsi), joalo-joalo.
Sengoliloeng sena se ntšitsoe khopolong e akaretsang ea lisebelisoa tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi sebakeng sa Leoatle le Lesehla le Leoatle la Bohai.
Nako ea poso: Mar-12-2022