A. An raba ta wurin aikin ruwa (yankin teku)
1. Babban kamun kifi a cikin ruwa na cikin ƙasa (koguna, tafkuna da tafkuna)
Kamun kifi na cikin ƙasa yana nufin manyan ayyukan kamun kifi a cikin koguna, tafkuna da tafkuna. Saboda fadin ruwa mai fadi, zurfin ruwan yana da zurfi gaba daya. Misali, kogin Yangtze, kogin lu'u-lu'u, kogin Heilongjiang, tafkin Taihu, tafkin Dongting, tafkin Poyang, tafkin Qinghai, da manyan tafkunan ruwa (karfin ajiya 10 × Fiye da 107m3), tafki mai matsakaicin girman (ƙarfin ajiya 1.00) × 107~ 10 × 107m3), da dai sauransu. Yawancin waɗannan ruwaye ƙungiyoyin kifaye ne na halitta ko wasu dabbobin ruwa na tattalin arziki, waɗanda ke da albarkatu na kamun kifi. Domin yanayin muhalli na waje na wadannan ruwayen ya sha bamban, kuma albarkatun kamun kifi sun bambanta, kayan aikinsu na kamun kifi da hanyoyin kamun kifi su ma sun sha bamban. Kayan kamun kifi da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da gill net, trawl da ja da ƙasa, musamman don manyan tafki da matsakaita. Saboda hadadden yanayi da yanayin kasa, wasu suna da zurfin ruwa sama da 100m, wasu kuma sun yi amfani da tsarin kamun kifi da aka hade na tarewa, tuki, soka da mikewa, da babban zobe Seine net, trawl mai iyo da ruwa mai canzawa. tarko. A lokacin sanyi a Mongoliya ta ciki, Heilongjiang da sauran yankuna, yana da amfani a ja ragamar ruwa a ƙarƙashin ƙanƙara. Yanzu wasu masunta sun fara amfani da su.2000w karfe halide fitulun kamun kifia cikin tafkin don kama sardines da dare
B. Kamun kifi
Kamun kifi na bakin teku, wanda kuma aka fi sani da kamun kifi a cikin ruwan teku, yana nufin kamun kifi na ruwa daga shiyyar intertidal zuwa ruwa mara zurfi mai zurfin ruwa 40m. Wannan yanki na teku ba wai kawai wurin haifuwa da kitso na manyan kifin tattalin arziki daban-daban ba, shrimp da kaguwa ba, har ma da yanki mai faɗin tsaka-tsaki. Filin kamun kifi na bakin teku ya kasance wurin kamun kifi a kodayaushe na ayyukan kamun kifi na kasar Sin. Ya ba da babbar gudummawa ga bunkasuwar kamun kifi a tekun kasar Sin. A sa'i daya kuma, ita ce wurin kamun kifi mafi wahala wajen sarrafa. Babban kayan kamun sa sun hada da gill net, purse seine net, trawl, ground net, open net, net laying, net reading, cover, tarko, kamun kifi, rake ƙaya, keji tukunya, da dai sauransu kusan dukkanin kayan aikin kamun kifi da hanyoyin aiki suna da. A da, wajen samar da manyan lokutan kamun kifi a kasar Sin, an samar da dimbin kayayyakin ruwa na ruwa a wannan yankin na ruwa, musamman ma wuraren kiwon kamun kifi na budaddiyar kamun kifi, da kamun kifi na tukwane da kamun kifi a gabar teku da teku, da adadi mai yawa. na kifin tattalin arziki, shrimp da tsutsansu an kama su a cikin ruwa mara zurfi; Karami da matsakaita-girma na kasa, tarkacen firam, tarkace, tarunan gill na kasa da sauran kayan kamun kifi don kama gungu na kifin ƙasa da jatan lande a yankin teku; Rake ƙaya na kama kifi da katantanwa a yankin teku, kuma sun sami albarkatu masu yawa. Saboda dimbin jarin da ake zubawa na kamun kifi da kayan kamun kifi, karfin kamun kifi ya yi yawa sosai kuma ba a kai ga gudanar da aiki da kuma kariya ba, wanda hakan ya haifar da kamun kifi a gabar teku da teku, musamman ma albarkatun kamun kifi, lamarin da ya haifar da koma bayan kamun kifi a halin yanzu. albarkatun. Yadda za a daidaita yawan ayyukan kamun kifi daban-daban, ƙarfafa matakan kiyaye albarkatun kifi da daidaita tsarin kamun kifi shine aikin farko na yankin ruwa.
C. Kamun kifi a cikin teku
Kamun kifi a cikin teku yana nufin aikin kamun kifi a cikin ruwa a cikin kewayon wanka na 40 ~ 100m. Wannan yanki na ruwa wuri ne na ƙaura, ciyarwa da kuma wuraren damina na manyan kifin tattalin arziki da jaya, sannan kuma yana da albarkar kamun kifi. Babban hanyoyin kamun kifi sune kamun kifi na kasa, mai jawo haske Purse Seine, drift gill net, kamun kifi mai tsayi, da sauransu. Saboda yana da nisa da bakin teku, yawan albarkatun kifi ya yi ƙasa da na yankin teku. A lokaci guda kuma, ayyukan kamun kifi suna da buƙatu masu yawa don jiragen kamun kifi da kayan kamun kifi. Don haka, akwai karancin jiragen ruwa da kayan kamun kifi da ke gudanar da ayyukan kamun kifi fiye da na yankin teku. Ko da yake, tare da raguwar albarkatun kamun kifi a cikin ruwa na bakin teku, ikon kamun kifi ya ta'allaka ne a wannan yanki na teku a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Hakazalika, saboda tsananin kamun kifi da ya yi yawa, albarkatun kamun kifi a yankin tekun ma sun ragu. Don haka, ba za a iya yin watsi da shi ba don ƙara daidaita ayyukan kamun kifi, kulawa sosai da ƙarfafa matakan kiyayewa a yankin teku don tabbatar da dorewa.Saboda haka, adadinfitulun kamun kifi na daresanyawa a kan jiragen ruwan kamun kifin teku an iyakance shi zuwa kusan 120.
D. Kamun kifin teku
Kamun kifin teku yana nufin ayyukan samar da dabbobin ruwa a cikin zurfin teku tare da zurfin isobath na mita 100, kamar kamun kifi a cikin ruwan tekun gabashin China da tekun Kudancin China. Mackerel, SCAD, ginseng da sauran kifayen pelagic a cikin tekun gabashin Tekun China, da kuma kifin ƙasa kamar su kifin dutse, cephalopods, ɗan gajeren wutsiya na bigeye, kifi mai kai murabba'i, Paralichthys olivaceus da gwauruwa har yanzu ana iya haɓaka su. Albarkatun kamun kifi da ke wajen tekun kudancin kasar Sin suna da wadata sosai, kuma manyan kifayen da ake da su sun hada da mackerel, xiulei, Zhuying fish, Indian double fin Shao, babban jiki idan SCAD, da dai sauransu; Babban kifin kasa shine rawaya snapper, kifin taushin gefe, kifin zinare, bigeye snapper, da sauransu. Kifin teku sun haɗa da tuna, bonito, swordfish, marlin shuɗi (wanda akafi sani da black skin swordfish da black marlin). Bugu da kari, sharks, petals, reeffish, cephalopods da crustaceans za a iya ƙara haɓaka da amfani da su. Babban hanyoyin aiki sun hada da trawl na kasa, gill net, dragline kamun kifi, da dai sauransu. Saboda ruwan da ke cikin teku yana da nisa daga bakin teku, abubuwan da ake bukata na jiragen ruwa, kayan kamun kifi da kayan aiki suna da yawa, farashin kamun kifi yana da yawa, kuma abin da ake fitarwa da kuma kayan aiki. ƙimar fitarwa ba ta da girma sosai. Saboda haka, kai tsaye ta takura ci gaban masana'antar kamun kifi. Duk da haka, idan aka yi la'akari da dogon lokaci na kiyaye hakki da muradun teku na kasar Sin, ya kamata mu bunkasa kamun kifi a tekun, da yin cikakken amfani da albarkatun kamun kifi a teku, da rage matsin lamba kan albarkatun kamun kifi a tekun teku da na teku, da ba da goyon baya ga manufofi, karfafa fadada kamun kifi a teku.
F. Pelagic kamun kifi
Kamun kifi mai nisa, wanda kuma ake kira pelagic fishing, yana nufin ayyukan da ake samarwa na tattarawa da kama dabbobin tattalin arzikin ruwa a cikin teku mai nisa da babban yankin kasar Sin ko kuma cikin ruwan da ke karkashin ikon wasu kasashe. Akwai ra'ayoyi guda biyu na kamun kifi: na farko, ayyukan kamun kifi a cikin ruwa mai nisan mil 200 N daga babban yankin kasar Sin, ciki har da ayyukan kamun kifi a cikin teku mai zurfi da manyan teku masu zurfin ruwa sama da 200m; Wani kuma shi ne kamun kifi a gabar teku da ruwa na wasu ƙasashe ko yankuna nesa da nasu, ko kuma kamun kifi na transoceanic. Kamar yadda ake gudanar da kamun kifi a tekun tekun da ke bakin teku da na sauran ƙasashe da yankuna, baya ga rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin kifi da su da biyan harajin kamun kifi ko kuɗaɗen amfani da albarkatu, ana iya amfani da ƙananan jiragen ruwa da kayan kamun kifi da kayan aiki don ayyukan kamun kifi. . Babban ayyukan kamun kifi sun haɗa da kamun kifi guda ɗaya, trawl ɗin ƙasa biyu, kamun kifi mai dogon layi na tuna, kamun kifi mai haske, da dai sauransu Ayyukan kamun kifi a Kudancin Asiya da sauran wuraren da suka dace da teku duk kifi ne na teku. Dukansu kamun kifi da kamun kifi na cikin teku suna buƙatar ingantattun jiragen ruwa na kamun kifi da makamantansu na kamun kifi waɗanda za su iya jurewa iska mai ƙarfi da raƙuman ruwa da kewayawa mai nisa. Albarkatun kamun kifi a wadannan yankuna na teku sun bambanta daga wuri zuwa wuri, kuma kayan aikin kamun kifi da ake amfani da su ma sun bambanta; Gabaɗaya hanyoyin kamun kifi sun haɗa da kamun kifi na dogon layi na tuna, manyan tudu na tsakiya da tarkacen ƙasa, jakar tuna tuna, kamun kifi mai haske, da dai sauransu. Misali, jirgin ruwa ɗaya na kasar Sin Pollock kamun kifi na tsakiya a arewa maso yamma da tsakiyar arewacin Pacific. kuma kamun kifin squid mai haske na tsohon kamun kifi ne. Bisa la'akari da halin da ake ciki a halin yanzu, da kuma yadda ake samun bunkasuwar kamun kifi na Pelagic na kasar Sin, ya kamata a aiwatar da manufofin tallafawa kan kifin Pelagic nan gaba.
G. Kamun kifi
Kamun kifi, wanda kuma aka sani da kamun kifi, yana nufin ayyukan samarwa na tattarawa da kama dabbobin tattalin arzikin ruwa a cikin ruwan Antarctic ko Arctic. A halin yanzu, da kawai jinsuna za su sami amfani da su a cikin albarkatun kifayen Antarctic sune Antarctic Kratcum) da kamun kifi (rashin gani ne na Antarctic Krill shine mafi girma. A halin yanzu, kamun kifi da bunkasuwar kasar Sin na Antarctic krill har yanzu yana kan mataki na farko, inda yawan kamun kifi ya kai ton 10000-30000 da kuma wurin aikin da ya kai kimanin 60 ° s a cikin ruwan dake kewayen tsibirin Malvinas (tsibirin Falkland). Ƙarfin jirgin ruwan kamun kifi yana da kilowatts da yawa, tare da kayan aiki; Yanayin aiki shine ja guda ɗaya na matsakaici; Tsarin net ɗin trawl na Antarctic krill ya fi girma yanki 4 ko 6-tsari. Bambanci mafi girma daga gidan tarho na gargajiya na matakin tsakiya shine girman raga na jakar gidan yanar gizo da ragamar kan jakar yana buƙatar ƙarami don hana krill tserewa daga raga. Matsakaicin girman raga shine 20mm, kuma tsawon gidan yanar gizon gabaɗaya ya wuce 100m. Lokacin aiki a cikin ruwa mara zurfi ƙasa da 200m, saurin faɗuwar gidan yanar gizon shine 0.3m/s, kuma saurin trawl shine (2.5 ± 0.5) kn.
H. Kamun nishadi
Kamun nishadi, wanda kuma aka sani da kamun kifi na nishadi, wanda kuma aka sani da “kamun kifin nishaɗi”, yana nufin kowane irin ayyukan kamun kifi don dalilai na nishaɗi, nishaɗi da wasannin ruwa. Gabaɗaya, shi ne kamun kifi na sanda da kamun kifi. Wasu kifaye a bakin teku, wasu kuma a kan jiragen ruwa na musamman. Irin wannan nau'in kamun kifi kadan ne, wanda galibi ana gudanar da shi a bakin teku, tafkuna ko tafki, amma kuma akwai iyo da kamun kifi a cikin teku mai nisa. Bayan biyan bukatu na yau da kullun na yau da kullun kamar su tufafi, abinci, gidaje da sufuri, mutane sukan biɗi abin duniya mafi girma da jin daɗin ruhaniya. A Amurka, kamun kifi ya zama babban masana'antu kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin ƙasa da rayuwar jama'a. Har ila yau ana samun bunkasuwar kamun kifi a wasu wurare a kasar Sin.
2. Ta hanyar kamun kifi da hanyar kamun kifi da ake amfani da su
Dangane da kayan kamun kifi da hanyoyin kamun kifi da ake amfani da su, akwai gill net fishing, purse seine fish, trawlfish, kamun kifi, kamun kifi, buɗaɗɗen kamun kifi, kamun kifi, kwafin net, kamun kifi, kamun kifi, saka net, ginin net da kwanciya kamun kifi, kamun kifi, kifin dogon layi, kamun keji, kamun kifi mai haske, da sauransu. Hanyoyin kamun kifi iri-iri da ma'anoninsa za a yi dalla-dalla a cikin surori masu dacewa na wannan littafi.
3. Dangane da adadin jiragen ruwa da ake amfani da su, abubuwan kamun kifi da halayen aiki
Dangane da adadin jiragen kamun kifi da aka yi amfani da su, abubuwan kamun kifi da halayen aiki, akwai ƙwalƙwalwar kwale-kwale guda ɗaya, ƙwaln kwale-kwale guda biyu, tudun ruwa mai iyo, tudun ƙasa, trawl na tsakiya da kuma madaidaicin layin ruwa. Shigar da 1000w karfe halide haske kamun kifi guda daya Seine kamun kifi, shigarwa na4000w karfe halide fitilar kamun kifiSeine kamun kifi da yawa, shigar da haske Seine kamun kifi (shigar da hasken kamun kifi na LED); Longline kamun kifi (amfani da fitilun kamun kifi dakarkashin ruwa koren fishing fitulun), da dai sauransu.
An fitar da wannan labarin daga ka'idar kayan kamun kifi a cikin Tekun Yellow da yankin Tekun Bohai.
Lokacin aikawa: Maris 12-2022